Rhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech - 1162 Words

Inspirational speaker in the minds and hearts of many Americans, Martin Luther King Jr., in his speech, â€Å"I Have a Dream†, illustrates the importance and necessity of equality and freedom for all human beings of all races and ethnicities. King’s purpose is to invoke within the minds of African Americans the will to rise against and fight for the right of all individuals. He conveys an impassioned and inspirational tone to paint a picture of freedom and equality in the minds of his listeners that enjoins the people of America regardless of their race and highlights the importance of standing together as one. King introduces his speech by reflecting on a document that promised the freedom on African American in America, the Emancipation†¦show more content†¦By appealing to his listeners’ morals it further urges and enacts his audience feel empowered by his words to change the circumstance in which they reside in; a community that does not enforce the q ualifications of equality. King’s impactful diction also contributes to this revolt within his listeners’ mind by emphasizing how they nation has led â€Å"shameful condition[s]† with the treatment of their own citizens. King further expresses his concern with the nation as he introduces the basis of this nation’s foundations, the Declaration of Independence. He uses a metaphor to claim that he and his followers have come to â€Å"cash a check† that has been given to them by this nation (King). This â€Å"check† that King is referring to is the promise that all men would be guaranteed undeniable rights in this country and furthermore that this promise would extend to all men of all races – including the African America man as well. By describing this promise as a check given to the people of this nation King makes it concrete and expressing it a something that cannot be denied, much like a physical object cannot be denied of its exist ence. However, King addresses that this check or promise has fallen short of being fulfilled and metaphorically states that is has come back as marked â€Å"insufficient funds† (King). These â€Å"funds† that are mentioned are the amount of liberty, opportunity, and equality that the United States has to offer for itsShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech924 Words   |  4 Pagesis his â€Å"I have a dream† speech. The reason â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech made massive impacts, is due to It struck directly into the hearts of Americans both black and white making America realize just what is really going on in this world. King informed people about racial equality and fairness. This speech hit home so well just by the way he structured his speech. You can notice that MLK structures his speech to appeal to the different types of audience, supporting it with the three rhetorical modes;Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speec h752 Words   |  4 Pages28, 1963 At the Lincoln Commemoration 200,000 individuals accumulated after the Walk on Washington. This is the place Dr. Martin Luther conveyed his discourse I Have a Dream to America. He talked about the treacheries of isolation and separation of African Americans that was occurring in our country. In his first explanation he stated, I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation. In this announcement heRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe, â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech given by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is arguably the most emotionally moving and persuasive speech of all time. But, to understand the speech one must first understand the context. At this time, the slave era was far gone but, not forgotten. Negro men and women were still experiencing segregation in the 1960’s. There was negro bathrooms, negr o schools, negro water fountains, and even negro restaurants. Martin Luther King Jr. was an influential black man who took on theRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech1058 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King Jr’s â€Å"I have a Dream† demonstrates the combination of the rhetorical appeals to support his argument for equality and social justice because he draws attention to the past history of America’s Injustice and oppression towards black Americans. One of the explanations that the I Have a Dream address by Martin Luther King Jr. is memorable is that it contains a superb balance of Aristotles 3 rhetorical appeals: attribute, pathos, and logos. Ethos is associate charm to authorityRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech1061 Words   |  5 Pagesleader in the Civil Rights Movement. He is widely known for his speech that took place on 28 August 1963, â€Å"I Have a Dream.† This speech aimed toward the entire nation. King’s main purpose in this speech was to convince his audience to demand racial justice and for them all to stand up together for their rights. In this speech, King uses emotional and logical appeal to gain the audiences support. He applied many rhetorical devices to his speech to connect with the audience’s emotions, and to logicallyRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech900 Words   |  4 PagesThe speaker of this essay that I will be writing about is Martin Luther King Jr. He was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia at his family house. He was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Ri ghts Movement. Martin Luther King Jr. was a great American, worked for civil rights in the United States in the 1950s and 60s. He became so popular and well liked that he was hated just as intensely by those who disagreed with theRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech865 Words   |  4 Pagesin history. Throughout his speech, King employs many rhetorical devices that further his appeal for civil rights. King establishes his credibility as soon as he steps to the podium. King, an American civil rights activist and leader, was already known by the American people for his leadership throughout the civil rights movement. His leadership role as a civil rights activist asserts his message as credible and true to the American people. King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech addresses the grueling topicRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech768 Words   |  4 PagesBrandon Lim CU English 9/29/17 P:2 Using a variety of rhetorical devices, Martin Luther King Jr’s purpose of his â€Å"I Have A Dream Speech† takes a huge step for black americans by voicing the opinions of the people in a civil, non violent manner. He’s a role model for future activists to present the point clearly without hostility or anger, but with a firm tone and many of rhetorical devices. Dr. King gives the speech to help his cause of nonviolent activism against segregation and in favor of civilRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech901 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most acknowledged Civil Rights activists in this history of the United States, Martin Luther King, in his empowering speech, â€Å"I Have a Dream,† proposed his desire for racial equality across the globe in a strong-minded manner. King’s purpose for both writing and orally publishing this speech at the March on Washington affair was to motivate his audience into demanding racial justice and an amalgamated society for all people. He acquired a shameful but dedicated tone as he described theRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech1018 Words   |  5 PagesI Have a Dream by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Cruelty, inequality, death, sorrow, misery. All words to be associated with the hardships Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. passionately describes in his I Have A Dream speech. King, an activist and civil rights leader gave an empowering speech on August 28, 1963 in Washington D.C. Millions of hearts were touched and inspired to fight for their rights(â€Å"American Rhetoric: Martin Luther King Jr.†). This speech is aimed towards every race in a different specific

Marie Antoinette s Life During The French Revolution

During the lifetime of Marie Antoinette, France’s most infamous queen, she was known as the person who claimed, â€Å" Let them eat cake† as many of her own subjects were starving. The queen’s life was filled with extravagance and wonder, but she was no stranger to rumors that would come to ruin her reputation and end her life during the French Revolution. Was Marie Antoinette truly a cruel queen or simply an ignorant young girl who had been given power to early in her life? Marie Antoinette was born in her home country of Austria on November 2, 1755. (Biography.com) She was one of the many children born to the Emperor Francis the 1st and Empress Maria Theresa. (Biography.com) Marie Antoinette had a common royal childhood and received a good education, although what she learned was different than her brothers because she was a girl. (Biography.com) As most royals did back at that time, the Emperor’s children were used as bargaining chips and to seal alliances. Empress Theresa was in charge of that, and arranged for Marie to be married to the grandson of the current King of France, Louis XV. (History.com) The reasoning for this marriage was because of the feuds between their two families, the Hapsburgs and the Bourbons. (History.com) Before the union of the Austrian and French teenagers, Louis XV sent over a tutor to teach Marie Antoinette. (Smithsonianmag.com) Although it was hard to get her to learn because she wasn’t serious about learning, the tutor realized that she was aShow MoreRelatedThe Truth About Marie Antoinette1305 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper Draft 3-3-16 The Truth about Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette was born on November 2, 1755, in Vienna, Austria. Marie Antoinette was a queen that ruled with a powerful, wealthy, fist. She was a foreign wife and queen once she married King Louis XVI of France. Throughout her rule over France, Marie Antoinette was kept under a light of ignorance by the people, and therefore, should not be blamed for their suffering, the French Revolution, and the failures of her husband. She was hatedRead MoreThree Important Events During The French Revolution1201 Words   |  5 PagesHistory 10/27/2015 â€Å"Three Important Events during the French Revolution† The French Revolution is known to be one of the major events in the world history. The revolution was led by some reformers in the government who demanded some changes in the political system. The purpose of the revolution was to eliminate the power of king and the rich people who owned most of the lands, and to have a government that is elected by the citizens. Although the revolution started as a movement for government reformsRead MoreThe Worst Royals Were Born1337 Words   |  6 Pagesof the French Revolution. On August 23, 1754, King Louis Auguste de France was born in the Palace of Versailles. He was the third son of Louis, Grand Dauphin, and Duchess Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria. At a young age, Louis was forced to take on responsibility. As a shy child, this was not the best decision for his guardians to make. Louis parents paid very little attention to him, and instead to his older brother, soon to be king, Louis Duc de Bourgogne. ( Louis XVI Biography) In the 60’s of theRead MoreRobespierre And The Sans Culottes Declared Essay1479 Words   |  6 PagesThe month of September would be remembered as one of the bloodiest months in French history, in particular, September 5, 1793. On this day, Robespierre and the Sans Culottes declared terror is the order of the day. These words would begin a period of violence where the enemies of the Revolution were executed en masse. Between 1793 and 1794, thousands of French citizens were imprisoned and hundreds were killed by a group called the Committee of Public Safety. They claimed they were actingRead MoreThe French Revolution And The American Revolution1859 Words   |  8 Pagesimportant period that influenced many others, the French revolution. This was the time the French gained control of their rights and went against absolute monarchy. These unconventional approaches lead to many positive uprisings yet downfalls as well. Consequently, as many new discoveries had been born, people gained a new, secular perspective of the world, allowing them to realize their desire for change. This change, known as the French Revolution and numerous reasons caused this significant eventRead MoreThe French Revolution Of France1871 Words   |  8 Pagesfrom 1774 until 1793, was a widely known ruler. â€Å"Louis XVI was the last king of France in the line of Bourbon monarchs preceding the French Revolution of 1789â₠¬  (Louis). â€Å"In 1774, Louis succeeded his grandfather Louis XV as king of France† (BBC). â€Å"In 1788, Louis was forced to reinstate France s National Assembly (the Estates-General) which quickly curtailed the king s powers† (Execution). Louis attempted escape in 1791 but was captured and returned to Paris† (Execution). Louis XVI was guilty of treasonRead MoreSociety During the French Revo1798 Words   |  8 Pageshow society was during the French Revolution from 1789 to 1799. French Revolution during this time went through significant changes from the beginning when society was run by the wealthy class and being undemocratic and changed to being a democratic state. From 1789 to 1799, the French Revolution was a cataclysmic political and 1 social upheaval. French society was goingRead MoreLiberalism And Its Impact On Society1513 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosopher. In his book â€Å"The Two Treatises of Government† Locke proposed the ideas that every person (man) has the right to life, liberty and property, and that governments were obligated to not infringe upon these rights. These ideas were wildly popular throughout the general population of Europe during the 1700 s, and were especially popular in the American colonies. The French had these same ideas, but approached them in the opposite way. Americans believed that our creator gave us rights, thatRead MoreThe French As The Siecle Des Lumieres, The Century Of Enlightenment2304 Words   |  10 PagesThe Enlightenment – known in French as the Sià ¨cle des Lumià ¨res, the Century of Enlightenment, and in German as the Aufklà ¤rung – was a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy, and came to advance ideals such as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government and ending the perceived abuses of the church and stateRead MoreWhy I Chose this Topic Sparkly tops, cozy pants; we never know where they come from. Maybe a kid1500 Words   |  6 Pagesbut during 2005 she stopped. I was little so I didn’t understand, but my oldest sister did. Some rumors were going around that Gap made kids work. They forced them to produce clothing , only gaining one cent per month, they were paid less than adults. Kids were sewing and packaging the clothes. When my sister became an adolescent she started getting picky about clothing. She always wanted to dress like everyone, and the brand trendy new handbag of year was part of it. Living in Paris during a part

Environmental Engineer free essay sample

Environmental Engineering We humans have a long history of polluting our air, water, and soil. This contamination not only hurts nature, but is dangerous to people. Luckily, environmental engineers are on the job. They use math and science to clean up the messes weve made and prevent new ones from happening. For example, they might figure out how to clean up toxic material that has seeped into the ground at an old gas station or design an effective way to treat wastewater. If you choose this major, you’ll study a wide range of subjects. Besides learning the basics of engineering, you’ll also take courses in the life and social sciences so you can understand environmental problems in all their complexity. Students in environmental engineering learn to design, develop, and evaluate structures, equipment, and systems that protect the environment from the effects of human activity and that improve public health and well-being. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Engineer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page [Engineering] allows you to think and be creative †¦ We get to solve problems and [tackle] projects that seem impossible at first, but when they are completed, its so cool. † Cindy, junior, civil and environmental engineering, UC Berkeley It Helps to Be Passionate about the environment. You should enjoy science and math, like solving problems, and have an eye for detail. Someone who is comfortable working as part of a team and who has good speaking and writing skills should do well in this field. To round off your studies, you will mostly likely take a senior design course. In this class, youll learn all about executing a design project, from writing a technical proposal and estimating costs to creating a work schedule and dealing with legal issues. Youll then use what youve learned to complete an original design project in an area of interest, such as water treatment or solid-waste management. Youll probably work on the project as part of a team, gaining important professional skills as you go. how much does an [continues]

Stardust Essays - Spenser, Stardust, Ceremony, The Judas Goat

Stardust Spenser, a former boxer, is a private detective from Boston. He is a very down to earth man, who likes to have fun in his work. He is very humorous and takes life as a fun ride. There is a point in the story where a larger man who attempts to intimidate Spenser, who responds by taking the large man down with one kick, all the while laughing at the man. Susan-Spenser's girlfriend who has a Ph.D. in psychology from Harvard. She is a clinical psychologist, who has been romantically involved with Spenser for many years. She often helps him on his cases when he is dealing with a disturbed or possibly dangerous person. She helps Jill Joyce overcome her problems in this novel. Jill Joyce-typical overzealous television star. She is extremely pampered and feels that it is her right to be waited upon. She has lead an extremely rough life, from abandoning her parents to having an illegitimate child. She has tried to keep this from ruining her reputation, so she is very quiet when it comes to her past. Hawk-is a large, intimidating black man who was born in a ghetto, served with the French Foreign Legion, and was a boxer during the same period as Spenser. His occupation is 'enforcer', collector for loan sharks; he will murder for money, which he makes a lot of. Plot Synopsis- Spenser is hired by Zenith Meridien Television to guard Jill Joyce. She has experienced harassment in the recent past, and the company wishes for her to feel safe on the set. Spenser finds that Jill is a troubled, alcoholic, drug addicted, egocentric annoyance that is lost in life. The morning after they meet, a Mr. Rojack and his thug, Randall try to get Jill to go with them. Jill declines their offer, at which point, Randall attempts to attack the smaller Spenser, only to find himself on the ground within moments. Later that week, Spenser tracks down Rojack, who turns out to be quite wealthy and discovers that Rojack and Jill had more or less gone steady for a couple years. He also learns of Winfred Pomroy, a man who had been"bothering" Ms. Joyce. He makes plans to visit this man, as it may provide an idea to the identity of the assailant. The following morning, Spenser and Jill discover Babe Loftus, who was Jill's stunt double, murdered in her dressing room. This provokes spenser to take quicker action, and he sets out for Pomroy's home. While he is gone, he has a friend of his, Hawk, look after the starlet. When Spenser visits Pomroy, he finds a recovered alcoholic, living with three dogs. He had been married to Jill 25 years ago and seems to be slightly obsessed with Ms. Joyce at the present. Spenser journeys to the San Diego area in search of more of Jill's past, where he finds her mother. Through her, he learns Jill conceived a daughter with a man Del Rio. Del Rio has since adopted Jill's daughter, who is now 20 years old. Spenser also tracks down Jill's father, who hasn't seen her since she was four. He briefly questions the poor, troubled man and returns home. Spenser returns to Boston only to find that Jill has run away, Then Del Rio calls and informs Spenser that Jill has escaped to see him. Spenser travels to retrieve Jill. She talks about the man harassing her. Spenser suggests they bring the father in to see Jill. Spenser then accuses him of killing Babe Loftus, the stunt-woman, to which he confesses, then tries to pull a gun on Spenser. Spenser kills him before he can do anything. Spenser and Jill return to the peaceful setting of Susan's cabin in Maine and she seems to be in hopeless condition. Susan comes, bringing the 3 dogs that Wilder Pomory had. and when they come to Jill, she responds to them, and as the story ends, she and Spenser have walked around the lake with the dogs, Jill is showing signs of emerging from her condition, where Susan may be able to help her, in fact Jill expresses interest in being treated by Susan. Opinion-This book was wonderfully written. The characters were all realistic, and they reacted as you would expect to see a person react in real life. The amount of descriptive writing that is in this book is amazing, I could very easily picture the entire story, and Boston came to life in my mind. The relationships between characters in

10 Things You Should Know About Gender in Spanish

10 Things You Should Know About Gender in Spanish Here are 10 facts about Spanish gender that will be useful as you learn the language: 1. Gender is a way of classifying nouns into two categories. Spanish nouns are masculine or feminine, although there are a few that are ambiguous, meaning that Spanish speakers are inconsistent in which gender is applied to them. Also, some nouns, particularly those that refer to people, can be masculine or feminine depending on whether they refer to a male or female, respectively. The grammatical significance of gender is that adjectives  and articles referring to nouns must be of the same gender as the nouns they refer to. 2. Spanish also has a neuter gender that applies to one definite article and a few pronouns. By using the definite article lo, it is possible to make an adjective function as if it were a neuter noun. The neuter pronouns generally are used to refer to ideas or concepts rather than to things or people. They can also be used to things whose identities arent known, as in  ¿Quà © es eso? for What is that? 3. Except when referring to people and some animals, the gender of a noun is arbitrary. Thus, things associated with females can be masculine (for example, un vestido, a dress). And things associated with males (for example, virilidad, masculinity) can be feminine. In other words, there is no way to predict a nouns gender from its meaning. For example, silla and mesa (chair and table, respectively) are feminine, but taburete and sof (stool and couch) are masculine. 4. Although feminine words as a general rule refer to females, and masculine words to females, it is possible to do the opposite. The words for man and woman, hombre and mujer, respectively, are the gender youd expect, as are words for girl and boy, chica and chico. But it is important to remember that the gender of a noun attaches to the word itself rather than to what it refers. So persona, the word for person, is feminine regardless of who it refers to, and the word for baby, bebà ©, is masculine. 5. Spanish grammar has a preference for the masculine gender. The masculine might be considered the default gender. Where masculine and feminine forms of a word exist, it is the masculine that is listed in dictionaries. Also, new words that enter the language are typically masculine unless theres a reason to treat the word otherwise. For example, the imported English words marketing, suà ©ter (sweater), and sndwich are all masculine. Web, referring to a computer network, is feminine, probably because it as a shortened form of pgina web (web page), and pgina is feminine. 6. Many words have separate masculine and feminine forms. Most if not all of these are used for referring to people or animals. In most cases for singular nouns and adjectives, the feminine form is made by adding an a to the masculine form or changing an ending e or o to a. A few examples: amigo (male friend), amiga (female friend)profesor (male teacher), profesora (female teacher)sirviente (male servant), sirvienta (female servant) A few words have irregular differences: tigre (male tiger), tigresa (female tiger)rey (king), reina (queen)actor (actor), actriz (actress)toro (bull), vaca (cow) 7. There are a few exceptions to the rule that words ending in o are masculine and many exceptions to the rule that words ending in a are feminine. Among the feminine o words are mano (hand), foto (photo), and disco (disco). Among the masculine a words are numerous words of Greek origin such as dilema (dilemma), drama, tema (subject), and holograma (hologram). Also, many a words that refer to occupations or types of people - among them atleta (athlete), hipà ³crita (hypocrite), and dentista (dentist) - can be either masculine or feminine. 8. As the culture in which Spanish is spoken changes, so is the way the language treats gender as it applies to people. For example, at one time la doctora almost always referred to a doctors wife, and la jueza referred to the wife of the judge. But these days, those same terms usually mean a female doctor and judge, respectively. Also, it is becoming more common to use terms such as la doctor (rather than la doctora) and la juez (rather than la jueza) when referring to female professionals. 9. The masculine form is used to refer to mixed groups of males and females. Thus, depending on the context, los muchachos can mean either the children or the boys. Las muchachas can refer only to the girls. Even padres (padre is the word for father) can refer to parents, not just fathers. However, the use of both masculine and feminine forms - such as muchachos y muchachas for boys and girls rather than just muchachos - is growing more common. 10. In colloquial written Spanish, it is becoming more common to use as a way of indicating that a word can refer to either males of females. In traditional Spanish, if you were writing a letter to a group of friends, you might open with the masculine form, Queridos amigos, for Dear friends even if your friends are of both sexes. Some writers these days would use Querids amigs instead. Note that the at symbol, known as the arroba in Spanish, looks something like a combination of an a and an o.

agustus essays

agustus essays Augustuss approach to change was effective in many ways that differenced from Julies Creasers. He was the general who dominated the strongest army that ruled the state. Augustus saw how diverse to the Roman polity civil war was. He understood that control of the legions by the civil government was necessary for the establishment of peace and order throughout the Roman Empire. He wanted to make some gradual change to make sure it wouldnt rise again. Augustus used a good approach when he chose to change the length of military service. The Roman legion became a specialized, long service force with an espirit decorp that earlier legions did not have. An officer witch Augustus personally appointed commanded to each legion, and the legionnaires pledged their allegiance to Augustus leader. Furthermore, Augustus recruited soldiers from the Roman provinces. Augustus reformed the provincial administrative system by creating a large civil service whose members came from a group of capable administrators that he had picked himself. Augustus had these new governors hold long terms of office in order to have sufficient long-term reforms. In order to hold back corruption, Augustus saw that the governors were paid fairly for their work. Their big financial problems problem facing Augustus was how to raise money for military wages and pensions. This financial problem was solved when he obtained Egypt as his personal possession. All the wealth of Egypt went directly to the imperial treasury. Therefore, Augustus directly controlled the imperial treasury. There was reliability on Augustus that funds would be paid. He also created new taxes to boost the government's income: a sales tax, and inheritances tax and slaves tax. Therefore, Augustus gradual change placed a big importance on the traditional religion of Rome. He believed that prosperity and peace in the state relied on ...

SWOT Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

SWOT Analysis - Essay Example Valley National Bank (VNB), as one of the leading regional banks, offers better opportunities for professionals in banking for building their career. In the context of opportunities available in Valley National Bank, there are diverse job opportunities such as Benefit Specialists, Branch Sales Manager, Consumer Loans Quality Analyst, Loan Review Manager, Secondary Marketing Manager and Senior Attorney. Valley National Bank presently employs over 56 staff members in a variety of positions. The bank also provides salaries and package benefits to permanent employees. It can also be observed that Valley National Bank provides certain permanent and wide ranging employment positions. Valley National Bank is considered as one of the recognized leaders in financial services due to its outstanding performances, enhanced customer services and diversified products. The bank offers wide ranging products having an asset of over US$16 billion and 211 branches along with a diverse set of customers. There are different benefits offered by the bank in the sector of health and welfare. Moreover, Valley National Bank provides high priority on customer offering services through commercial and wealth management (CareerBuilder, LLC, â€Å"Overview†). ... An association with the bank in a wide range of functionalities and positions would help an individual to growth his/her future by a considerable extent (CareerBuilder LLC, â€Å"Overview†) With these considerations, the paper intends to prepare a SWOT analysis of the organization and comprehend the prevailing employment opportunities for an individual within the premises. SWOT ANALYSIS OF VALLEY NATIONAL BANK Valley National Bank is an association of banking that has been chartered in 1927, within the laws incorporated in the United States. It is headquartered in New Jersey. The bank is operating in around 198 full service offices all over central and northern along with central part of New Jersey and city of New York in Brooklyn, Manhattan and Queens. The bank facilitates a variety of commercial, retail and wealth management services. Other services that are offered by the bank are internet banking, telephones, automatic teller machines facilities of safe and night deposits, letter of credit, foreign exchange and foreign banking account maintenance. The bank provides various affluent services to the customers for 24 hours in a day and for 7 days in a week (Form 10-K, â€Å"Business†) With regard to strengths of the organization i.e. Valley National Bank, it can be stated that the staff and managers in the organization are skillful and the operational activities are handled according to the guidelines of the organization. The managerial skills that are persuaded by management facilitate in maintaining efficiency in the activities performed in the bank. Moreover, it can be observed that the employees who are employed in the bank possess a great learning experience as valuable

Self-Projection Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Self-Projection Project - Essay Example This has helped me explore a deeper side of myself that I never knew was possible. It has helped me see how others view myself, and that is one of the most valuable lessons that I take away from this. I tend to think that I know myself well. I have a very good sense of self. I know what I am good at and what needs improvement. I am constantly making self-improvements. To a certain extent, I really motivate others, and it has been shown through the interviews that I have garnered from friends, family, and colleagues, that I excel in almost anything I do. I guess one might say that I am a very high-strung (at times) individual, but that I make sure to keep all of my commitments. I have several hard and soft skills which I feel will serve me well in the future. One of my best assets is my leadership. I have good leadership skills which set me apart from the crowd. I also have amazing public speaking skills and can dazzle a crowd with my linguistic stylings. Really, it depends upon the p articular audience, but I know how to adapt myself to almost any setting and it shows. I am somewhat of an extroverted person; I enjoy making new friends and acquaintances, and am somewhat of a socially motivated person in that sense. I don’t pull any punches and am very honest with people about what I expect of them and how I expect to be treated in return. Another great feature I like about myself is that I have been able to use my outgoing nature to win friends, make money, and influence people. Meeting new people and seeing the world is part of what makes me who I am today. I have a real zest for life and believe you shouldn’t take life for granted. So, I eat life for breakfast, and I don’t mean the cereal! (Lol.) It is totally possible to learn something new from anyone that I meet and therefore, in business as well as in my leisure time, I always make sure to develop a solid list of contacts and social networks, since social networking is the wave of the f uture. I know that I can count on my friends and family to be there for me when things get difficult. Something else about me is that I am a very positive person. This has served me well in the past, as I definitely believe in karma and the phrase, â€Å"What goes around comes back around† (Janin, 2004, pp. 152). Like Anne Frank, I believe in the general goodness inherent in people. Everyone should be able to help everyone else out. Currently, one of the books I am reading is very inspiring. It’s called Viktor Frankl’s book Man’s Search for Meaning. It talked about how Frankl survived Auschwitz, one of the worst concentration camps, by using logotherapy—also known as talk therapy. Frankl talks about the importance of prisoners to maintain their human dignity in the face of conditions that were worse than inhumane. I am the sort of person who likes solving problems, yet at the same time, I don’t have patience for things like crossword puzzles and so forth. I enjoy challenges, but sometimes I admit I can be a bit intellectually lazy, not fully taxing my mental capacities to their hilt because I am reserving brainpower for truly important and difficult tasks. I don’t like to use my energy unnecessarily; therefore, I keep a very tight rein on my time and how I control it. I always make sure that I know who I am going to be spending time with and what I should do to manage this time. My ability to tackle challenges, combined with the fact that I am a positive person, helps me to avoid bad situations and difficult people. This is part of what breeds success in my life and in my living environment. About me, I am definitely a team player, which has always been a strength of

Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 18

Accounting - Essay Example In order to consider this option, Reading therefore may need to assess as to whether the overall revenue and profitability of the division will increase if this transaction is carried out. The key influence of this on the attitude of Reading on intra-company business will therefore be reshaped by the way its profitability as well as the revenue is increased besides registering a substantial increase in the overall capacity. Another important aspect of this whole transaction may be based on the assumption that during the intra-company business, Reading may not have to incur any selling expenses therefore this may result into substantial savings for it in terms of cost reduction. If Reading adapts the second option of charging the standard full manufacturing cost plus 15%, as proposed by the Finance Manager, the overall loss will be approximately $1.68 per unit. The calculations are as under: The above option therefore suggest that adapting the option of standard manufacturing cost plus mark-up can certainly reduce the overall per unit loss when compared with the market price of the component. This option clearly reduces the loss per unit for Reading (if compared with the market price of the component) therefore adapting such option may offer more leverage to Reading in terms of its ability to further increase its profitability while at the same time reducing the costs. If this option is carried out, Reading will further be able to sell its variable selling expenses therefore this cost reduction may further allow to become more profitable. It is also important to note that the overall selling price of the component, as offered by Reading, is $13.00 therefore if compared with the original market selling price, the per unit loss will be $2.88. This will however, be lower than the loss which could be incurred under first option. Considering above, the suggestions proposed by the Finance Manager therefore may significantly increase the overall profitability

Effect of Schemas on Understanding the Social World

Effect of Schemas on Understanding the Social World Zoe Crackett WITH REFERENCE TO RELEVANT RESEARCH STUDIES EVALUATE THE EXTENT TO WHICH OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE SOCIAL WORLD IS CONSTRAINED BY OUR SCHEMAS This[p1] essay looks to assess the degree to which our perception of the social world is driven by how our knowledge is brought together and presented to ourselves. Bartlett (1932) used the concept of schema, which has been defined for this essay, to explain how people can call on subconscious categorisations. Buchanan et al (2009) claim that schematic processing is both efficient and an effective method of understanding but pre-existing schema can mean that the processing is constrained. Cognitive psychologists are concerned with how people perceive others, situations and events within their own social world. To explore the claim the essay uses studies where schema and expectations have been tested such as Bartlett (1932) ‘War of the Ghosts’ story as well as how what we expect can be wrong. Fritz Heider was one of the first psychologists to study social cognition in terms of (how) understanding how people make sense of the social world relates to (concatenation – not sure what this word is) of events. Heider and Simmel (1944) used a series of cartoons to demonstrate how cause and effect works. In the study participants were asked to describe what they saw in the cartoons. In the first group participants were asked just to describe what they saw whilst the other two groups were asked to describe what they saw as if the objects were people. The third group saw the cartoons played backwards. Heider and Simmel found that all but one of the participants in the first group described the cartoons using human terms. In this way Heider claims that people act as â€Å"naà ¯ve psychologists† by trying to make sense of events or people by looking for predictability using cause and effect (Heider and Simmel, cited in Buchanan et al, 2009, p60-61). The term schema defines a type of cognitive structure that may present itself as a typical object or event that a person has knowledge of; this allows the person to process the object or event and act or react accordingly. A person uses schema when they perceive situations and other people to aid them in responding to them. Bartlett (1932) used the term schema when describing how English people retold a Native American folk tale but each time the tale was retold it would change to be more ‘English’. Detail from the original tale would be omitted where it may be thought of as not relevant or altered to something more familiar that the teller was able to relate to (Bartlett, cited in Brace and Roth, 2009, pp131-132[p2]). Social psychologists have identified person,role and event schema. These are mental structures that a person uses that hold knowledge on different types of people, expected behaviour and social situations respectively. The knowledge allows for generalisation of the object or event. For example in Buchanan et al (2009) reference is made to a TV commercial taken with four different camera angles. In the first shot a white youth with a shaven head wearing combat trousers and Doc Marten boots is seen running. From the first shot the assumption of ‘skinhead’ can be used as the description is that which would be attributed to a skinhead. This in turn would lead to thoughts relating to criminal behaviour such as aggression and violence. The second shot shows the youth running towards a man who is smartly dressed. Through the final two shots the viewer is given two more camera angles and sees further information. By the time the viewer sees the fourth shot they may have already formed the opinion that the youth is going to assault the smartly dressed man. However the fourth shot shows the full picture to the viewer; the youth was not running towards the man to assault him but is intent on pushing him out of the way of a pallet of bricks that is about to fall and injure him (Buchanan et al, 2009 p63–64). Buchanan et al (2009) have described schema as generalised representations. In the case of the ‘skinhead’ youth in the above example the generalisation has also invoked stereotypical perceptions that people project on to others. Buchanan et al claim these generalisations leave room for some form of variation however it is not explained how stereotypes are learned. Sometimes how something is perceived can be inaccurate. Tajfel stated that it is possible to over generalise and as a result have a tendency to stereotype (Buchanan et al p66[p3]). An integral feature of schema is that the knowledge they contain is defined as shared knowledge in other words it is not just particular to a person or event. Schema needs knowledge to be shared in order that it is effective. Schema is self-confirming. By providing expectations based on what a person thinks they know or understand to be true, what is actually presented can be distorted, as in the Bartlett experiment. By self-confirming it supports the claim that schema constrain peoples understanding of the social world (Buchanan et al, 2009, pp65-68). In an experiment by Darley and Gross (1983) college students were shown a video tape of a character called Hannah and asked to critique her academic ability. The students were introduced to her as being either from a high or low socio-economic status. Some students were also shown a video of ‘Hannah’ answering a set of questions in an oral exam. Whilst there was no apparent pattern as to whether ‘Hannah’ was answering more questions correctly or incorrectly those that saw Hannah as higher socio-economic status as well as the exam judged her to have higher academic ability. Darley and Gross surmised that although the information can be the same information is processed according to expectations (Darley and Gross, cited in Buchanan et al, 2009). The Darley and Gross study demonstrates how schema can simplify lots of information, this also allows relevant information to be extracted more quickly. A person simply needs to access processing knowledge in order for that person to understand what is happening however as demonstrated by the tv commercial showing the youth if only one part is shown the subsequent response can be inaccurate and the person may look for sign posts from within their own expectations rather than taking cues from their present environment. As such that person makes a fundamental attribution error (FAE) (Buchanan et al p75). Kahneman and Tversky (1973) explored how FAEs can be made easily. They used short vignettes to describe a seemingly random person. The participants were given deliberately vague descriptions of a person and they were asked to judge the likelihood that the person described was a lawyer. Participants were told that the person described had come from a room of people where either seventy or thirty per cent were lawyers. In both conditions the participants gave the probability the person described was a lawyer was fifty per cent. The participants ignored relevant information that they had been given and focused on the descriptions they read (Kahneman and Tversky cited in Buchanan et al, 2009) In conclusion schema assists a person to cut out a lot of irrelevant information and process other detail quickly, however as a result other important information can be accidentally discarded. For schema to work they require knowledge to be shared with others so that everyone is able to respond. People make assumptions based on what they think they know and apply it to the situations they see. As demonstrated by the TV commercial unless a person sees the all the information at the same time their judgements can be wrong but also it demonstrates, through the extra pieces of information on each shot, that they can be changed. Generally schema can work well as left to their own devices it is possible for a person to make errors in judgement. The claim made by Buchanan et al (2009) is that a person is compelled to make a judgement in the social world based on pre-existing patterns of thought is to some extent correct, however the person also has the ability to change. 1329 words References Brace, N. and Roth, I. (2009) ‘Memory: structures, processes and skills’ in Miell, D., Phoenix, A. and Thomas, K. (eds) Book 1 Introduction and Chapters 6 – 9 DSE212 Mapping Psychology. Milton Keynes, Open University pp 111 – 170 Buchanan, K., Anand, P., Joffe, H. and Thomas, K. (2009) ‘Perceiving and understanding the social world’ in Miell, D., Phoenix, A. and Thomas, K. (eds) Book 1 Introduction and Chapters 6 – 9 DSE212 Mapping Psychology. Milton Keynes, Open University pp 57 – 109 1 [p1]An effective introduction which states the issue and states how you mean to tackle the essay [p2]Good use of evidence to support your point here. [p3]Good use of this example to illustrate how schematic processing can produce generalisations and stereotyping.

Arts and Politics :: Arts Politics Essays

Arts and Politics Many artists tend to overwork themselves and get frustrated. Even if they were to work 18 hours a day on a project, many of them still wouldn’t be able to pat themselves on the shoulder and say â€Å"You’ve done a great job! You should be happy!† Of all the times they say it, they rarely feel it. But when you get down to the bottom of it, they absolutely love to do it! Just like that, Emilie gets neurotic when she works, and hence she prefers to work alone at night. Upon my insistence she reveals some of the secret characteristics of her artist persona: she gazes at the drawing, moves back, gazes some more, moves closer, speaks to herself and works for long hours until the picture in her head comes alive. It’s rarely the exact same picture, but sometimes it’s â€Å"even better†. She’s sharing her studio with two friends this year. As a result, she prefers to work at home even though she misses the times when she pulled all-nighters in Johnson and turned the lights off as the sun came up. Even though she works like a zombie in order to avoid human presence, the result inevitably begs for the daylights due to its political subject matter. Emilie doesn’t do art for art’s sake. She has a purpose: to make the viewer think. â€Å"It’s really important to know what you think about everything.. ‘Cause if you don’t know, then what are you bringing to the table?.. In order to be a complete person you need to have complete opinions about a wide spectrum of things.† Unlike some political art that’s shoved into your face, Emilie tries to be subtle. She likes to put things out there and leave the interpretation to the viewer. Her work mainly deals with gender, popular culture, and western mentality. â€Å"I’m a woman, I’m American, I’m middle upper class, I’m a consumer, I’m privileged. But I’m also influenced by the struggles of the other class-lower class†¦ I’m fascinated by the concept of the exotic and how western communities turn that into a commodity. The consumption by the west of the east..† she says as she sips on Red Bull, takes another drag from her cigarette, the count of which I lost a while ago, and puts on some techno/pop music on the computer. But that’s not all. Despite her interest and respect in political art, she immediately sits up when asked her favorite artist and speaks the name James Turrell.

Pre-Historic Art and Egyptian Art

There were many differences between Pre-historic art and Egyptian art . One being that pre-historic art was before written history. Which roughly started about 40,000 BC as to were written was about 3,500 BC. Also many pre-historic sculptures which they date to be around 40,000 BC had three main aspects to it Found ,Portable ,Magical . A prime example of this would be the Venus of Willendorf which was dated around 25,00-21,00 BC. This figure shows the apparent large size of the breasts and abdomen ,which can be interpreted as a fertility symbol. The figure has no visible face as well which could mean that it was universal in the sense, that it could be any female not just a particular one. There were also many caves that were found with different types of paintings in them known as cave paintings. About 30,000 BC. One of the first cave paintings found was in 1911. Some of the Egyptian art was such as the palette of narmer about 3100 BC. The Narmer Palette is a flat plate of schist of about 64 centimeters in height. Its size, and decoration show us that it was a ceremonial palette, rather than an actual palette for daily us. Things like the Egyptian tombs or mastaba’s were made to perfection with detail and in most cases made out of gold. Pyramids themselves were magical works of art such as the pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx. Egyptain sculptures were more detailed and never free standing always and a flat back piece to it to keep it from falling or balancing the weight.

No Turning Back Essays

No Turning Back Essays No Turning Back Essay No Turning Back Essay Amna Chowdhrey Ms. Thoromon English/4 27 September 2012 Chapter 4-6 Quotes| Analysis| P:66-67 â€Å"There is a sympathy that will make me conscious of him. I shall see him tremble. I shall feel myself shudder, suddenly and unawares. Sooner or later, he must needs be mine:| Hester’s husband wants to know who the man is and he wanted revenge on him. This shows how much he still cares about Hester. Even though he did leave her for 2 years because he got captured by the Native Americans, he still loves her and cares for her even after what she has done| P: 75 â€Å"She grew to have a dread of children; for something horrible in this dreary woman, gliding silently through the town, with never any companion but one only child. †| Hester is clearly an outcast. And she feels like one too. She is the example that parents use to tell their children what not to do and to show them the consequences of it. This made her feel as if she was the only one who ever committed a sin. This awful agony inside her made her feel worse; on top of that it made her feel lonesome and guilty. | P:86 â€Å"In the afternoon of a certain summer’s day, after Pearl grew big enough to run about, she amused herself with gathering handfuls of wild-flowers and flinging them, one by one, at her mother’s bosom, dancing up and down like a little elf whenever she hit the scarlet letter. †| Her daughter, Pearl, is brought by great content by such an awful thing. This shows how young and innocent she is. Even though she doesn’t have any friends because all the children in society outcast her and she doesn’t even question it. She is naive as to why they are marginalizing her. | P:79 â€Å"She knew that her deed had been evil; she could have no faith, therefore, that its result would be for good. Day after day, she looked fearfully into the child’s expanding nature; ever dreading to detect some dark and wild peculiarity, that should correspond with the guiltiness to which she owed her being. | This just comes to show how much the society has changed Hester. At first, she didn’t care what people where to whispering about her and her child when she first walked up towards the stage. But there is thought in her mind that her own child could be filled with darkness. | P: 86 â€Å"Once this freakish, elvish cast came into the child’s eyes while Hester was looking at her own image in them, as mothers are found of doing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ | Hester sees herself in her child’s eyes. She sees that her child will grow up separated from everyone else in the town, and that she will always be detached from others because she was the product of her mother’s sin which automatically means she is a sin. | Vocabulary: Alchemy- the medieval forerunner of chemistry, based on the supposed transformation of matter. Infamy- well known for some bad quality or deed Expostulation- express strong disapproval or disagreement Vengeance- punishment inflicted or retribution exacted for an injury or wrong. Constrained- severely restrict the scope, extent, or activity of :

European Management Style In Bangladeshi Culture Management Essay Essay Example

European Management Style In Bangladeshi Culture Management Essay Essay Example European Management Style In Bangladeshi Culture Management Essay Essay European Management Style In Bangladeshi Culture Management Essay Essay Discuss CRITICALLY the construct of national civilization with peculiar mention to your ain state. Critically review informations from a lower limit of two theoretical accounts plus other surveies. Attempt to accommodate any conflicting informations by sing issues of cogency, age, and sampling, recognizing issues of cultural alteration. What grounds is at that place to back up the construct of a national direction manner for your state? Offer a clear decision on these issues. Reflect critically on your ain experience of direction in your state, either as a director or as a subsidiary. Measure TWO critical incidents from your experience and associate them to at least TWO appropriate direction theoretical accounts, and to theoretical accounts of national civilization. To what extent do you see your experiences typical of direction manners in your state? The two elements have equal weighting and both parts must be passed to go through the assignment. Format REQUIRED: Essay non describe manner Full Harvard citing short mention in the text and full mentions in alphabetical order by family name is a mention list at the terminal the work. Ill referenced work will neglect atomically. Word bound is 3000 words and the word count must be given on the assignment. Appendixs may be added and will non be considered in the word count but should non transcend 1000 words- theoretical accounts etc may be placed at that place. There must be clear links in the text to the stuff in the appendices. Submission will be in 12 point Arial fount with 1.5 line spacing. Spelling, grammar and punctuation will be checked electronically and visually and corrected. An electronic transcript will be uploaded to JISC by the pupil and will be checked for plagiarism. Full inside informations on how to upload will be given before entry. Submission deadline- 25/June/2010 Introduction A major challenge of making concern internationally is to accommodate efficaciously to different civilizations. Such version requires an apprehension of cultural diverseness, perceptual experience, stereotypes, and values ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . Culture is acquired cognition that people use to construe experiences and bring forth societal behavior. This cognition forms values, creates attitudes and influences how people act ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . The chief features of civilization that most bookmans have defined are as follows: Learned Culture is obtained by larning, cognition, pattern, experience etc. instead than familial or replete. Shared Culture is non merely for peculiar individual it is about group of people, society or organisation and signifier through interactions. Transgenerational Culture endures from coevals to coevals. Symbolic Culture is based on symbols for illustration Language can be an of import facet of civilization that helps to stand for different substances and facts. Patterned Culture is integrated and consistent within and across the people, several alterations in action takes topographic point if there needs to be changed. Adaptive Culture is adaptative, people adapt to new fortunes and environment to suit it. As a assortment of civilizations do present in the universe, for international direction, the director do necessitate to cognize about the civilization that they are collaborating with otherwise things might turn out unsuccessful. A most of import characteristic in civilization is Values that is the cardinal rule of an person in relation to their thought of what is right and wrong, good and bad, important and undistinguished, right and incorrect. These are practiced in civilization where it has contemplation on person s behavior and hence due to differences in civilization values can hold different direction systems. Followings specify about how civilization can impact direction attacks: Centralized V. Decentralized In some civilization of a society, top-level directors take of import determinations whereas others give authorization to moo, mid degree directors or active participants to take determinations. Safety vs. Risk In some topographic points, hazards can be expected and uncertainnesss are handled while, others are wholly unwilling to take hazards and face job if any uncertainness arises. Individual vs. Group Rewards In some topographic points, persons are given wagess on their assessment while others consider group wagess. Informal V. Formal processs Some topographic point follow formal processs steadfastly whereas others get accomplishments with even informal processs. High vs. Low Organizational trueness In some topographic point, people gets acknowledgment or grasp by their organisational prominence while some people in other topographic point get to cognize as their professional label. Cooperation vs. Competition in some topographic points, people are encouraged to be competitory with their co-workers whereas in some topographic points they are meant to be concerted. Short term vs. Long term Horizons In some topographic point much focal point is given on short-run net income and efficiency while in other topographic points they think about long run ends. Stability V. Innovation some civilizations does retain their stablenesss and do non accept alterations but some do alterations and accept new occurrences and invention. International directors need to understand that due to differences in national civilization requires different direction attacks and behaviors. Needs to hold effectual integrating of different civilizations and methods. They need to understand that such direction that works in one state might non work into another in certain facets. In order to understand work on cultural issues, some research workers have established theoretical accounts that are still used widely in direction development process. Followings are the amplification of theoretical accounts from two well-known research workers Greet Hofstede and Fons Trompenaars. Hofstede theoretical accounts describes about differences in behavior in varied civilization whereas, Trompenaars talks about how people relate to each other, about clip and environment. Hofstede s Model Geert Hofstede s, a research worker, identified five cultural dimensions that show people from assorted civilizations have differences in their behavior. The research has been carried out in one organisation merely, IBM that is spread within 70 states, because the differences amongst national civilizations of all employees can be identified clearly as all variables were matched in other respects, like type of work, educational degrees for similar businesss, holding strong managerial civilization, organisation construction, techniques and processs. The five dimensions are discussed below: Power Distance: The extent to which the less powerful members of organisations and establishments accept and expect that power is distributed unevenly ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In civilization holding low power distance, people anticipate with advisory and independent environment. They relate to each other more as peers despite of formal places. Such civilizations have level organisational construction and be given to be decentralized. The people frequently can be found of extremely qualified and the salary scope between upper and lower degree places is normally narrow. By contrast, in civilization with high power distance, inequalities in the thick of people are normal and considered necessary. The environment is more bossy or paternalistic and the subsidiaries accept the domination from their upper hierarchal places. Such civilizations have tall organisational construction and be given to be centralized and frequently will dwell of people of less qualified and the wage bet ween upper and lower degree is normally broad. Uncertainty Avoidance: The extent to which people feel threatened by equivocal state of affairss and have created beliefs and establishments that try to avoid these ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . It deals how people are discerning about any unfamiliar enterprise and how they handle or minimise uncertainness. In civilization with high uncertainness turning away, people follow definite conventions and officially planned activities, maintain exact Torahs and regulations, directors prefer non to take hazards, have strong belief in experts and their cognition, be given to be less ambitious and prefer non to alter current employer. They are more emotional and have subjective feeling of jitteriness. By contrast, in civilization with low uncertainness turning away, it is to be followed unwritten, flexible conventions and do insouciant activities, they are more likely to follow few regulations, directors take hazards, have strong belief in Renaissance mans and common sense, be given to be really ambitious and prefer to alter employer often. They are less nerve-racking and more unconcerned, brooding and comfy about uncertainness and being encouraged to utilize their ain thoughts and take up liability for their activities. Individuality and Bolshevism: Individuality is the inclination of people to look after themselves and their immediate household merely ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people are expected to look after oneself and 1s immediate household. Their individuality is based on single and they normally develop or formalized their ain single character and make up ones mind their associations. Belief exists in single judgements and has emotional independency from organisations and besides accent is on single enterprise and achievements. The relationship between employee and employer is a contractual on shared benefit. Collectivism is the inclination of people to belong to groups or collectives and to look after each other in exchange for trueness ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people act more cohesively into groups or extended households and give part without holding any purpose in return. Their individuality is based on societal system and belief exists in-group opinions and has emotional dependences of the person on organisations and besides accent is on favor to organisations. The relationship between employee and employer is evident in ethical nomenclature. Masculinity and Femininity: Masculinity is a civilization in which the dominant values in society are success, money, and things ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people tend to hold importance on money, repute, patterned advance and challenge instead than preservation of the environment. They are expected to be single determination shapers. Work forces are more likely to be self-assured, motivated, determined and strong, on the other manus, adult females are more likely to be caring, soft and expression after life. There is high occupation force per unit area on equity, fighting and accomplishments in the workplace and industrial confliction is common. Directors are frequently decisive and command employees public presentations. By contrast, Femininity is a civilization in which the dominant values in society are caring for others and the quality of life ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people tend to hold more importance on teamwork, gr oup determinations and on the preservation of the environment. They are expected to be modest, stamp and concerned with relationships. There is low occupation force per unit area on equity, competency and quality of work-life and does non hold industrial confliction. Directors give freedom and wagess to employees on their activities. Long-run Orientation and Short-run Orientation: In long-run orientation, activities have value that can hold an consequence on finding, doggedness, economic system and humiliation. In short-run orientation, activities have an consequence on normative statement, stableness, regard for tradition and reciprocation of good wants, favors and gifts. Trompenaars s Model Fons Trompenaars, another research worker, identified seven dimensions in which five describes about how people relate to each one another and sixth one is clip that describes how civilization can be laid accent on yesteryear, nowadays or hereafter and last one is environment that is related to nature. His research has been carried out over 15,000 directors from 28 states, showing 47 national civilizations. The seven dimensions are as follow: Universalism vs. Particularism: Universalism is the belief that thoughts and patterns can be applied everyplace in the universe without alteration ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In universalism civilization, people tend to concentrate more into formal regulations instead than relationships. They keep adhere to their concern contracts and do determinations without situational considerations, which sometimes are referred to difference of sentiments and incompatibilities. By contrast, Particularism is the belief that fortunes order how thoughts and patterns should be applied and something can non be done the same everyplace ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, it is the other manner around, people tend to concentrate more into relationship than on formal regulations. Peoples amend the understandings or take determinations sing situational fortunes as to them the concern contracts do non hold much significance. Individualism vs. Communitarianism: In Individualism civilization, people tend to prosecute in ain personal accomplishments and take for granted a great trade of single duty. On the other manus, Communitariantism refers to people sing themselves as portion of a group ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people take determinations that seemingly referred to group and success accomplishment in groups and presume duty together. Impersonal V. Emotional: Neutral is a civilization in which emotions are held in cheque. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people do non demo show their emotions in order non to hold hinderance on their judgements. By contrast, Emotional is a civilization in which emotions are expressed openly and of course. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In this civilization, people express their emotions honestly. They portion smilings, joy, defeat, and salutations, show enthusiasm. Specific V. Defuse: Specific is a civilization in which persons have a big public infinite they readily portion with others and a little private infinite they guard closely and portion with merely close friends and associates. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people tend to acquire invitation on public infinite. They are normally unfastened and extravert and their personal and professional life are strongly detached. Defuse is a civilization in which public infinite and private infinite are similar in size and persons guard their public infinite carefully, because entry into public infinite affords entry into private infinite every bit good. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In this civilization, people are non invited to public infinite. They are normally introvert and their professional and personal lives are connected to each other. Achievement vs. Ascription: Achievement is a civilization in which people are accorded position based on how good they perform their maps. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people tend to achieve position, place or power based on their accomplishments, cognition and accomplishments. On the other manus, Ascription is a civilization in which position is attributed based on who or what a individual is. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In this civilization, people attain position based on age, gender or person familiarities. Time: It has two attacks, consecutive and synchronal. In consecutive civilization, people tend to make one activity one at a clip. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . They adhere to their assignments and follow programs and agenda purely. On the other manus, in synchronal civilization, people tend to make more than one activity at a clip. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . Their actions are non entitled to agenda or hold definite clip to keep. Agendas are less important than relationships. Environment: It has two orientation, internal-orientation and external-orientation. In internal-orientation civilization, single is responsible for commanding fortunes and non comfy in altering state of affairss whereas, in external-orientation civilization, person is non responsible for their actions and are more flexible in compromising and comfy in altering state of affairss. National Culture of Bangladesh National civilization is revealed to be built-in what people frequently take for granted from their legal residence environment ( Edensor, 2002 ) . The survey of national civilization gives a synoptic thought of local values/ shared significances, political system, religion/philosophical beliefs, economic prosperity, linguistic communication and instruction system ( French, 2007 ) . The below Hagiographas is about the perceptual experience of natural civilization of the People s Republic of Bangladesh. It is a state situated in Southern Asia with an country of 144,000 sq kilometer and is bordered by Bay of Bengal in South, by India in north, west and east and by Myanmar in sou-east. It has emerged as free state after Independence War in 1971, which the state still prides of and besides about other values and beliefs, like Bengali New Year, National Mourning, Martyr Day, International Language Day etc. It has a civilization of mixture of full music, dance, folks, play, art, trade, literature, doctrine, faith, festivals, jubilations etc. The state does hold population of around 140 1000000s with blend of assorted faith Muslim, Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity and others. It has parliamentary democratic authorities. The province linguistic communication is Bangla followed by English, the 2nd linguistic communication, which is widely used in different concern sector s, instruction etc. Harmonizing to UN Development Programme ( UNDP ) 2008 figures, the literacy rate is at 52.5 per centum. Has agricultural production, natural resources, exports and imports concern. From the perceptual experience of The Central Intelligence Agency ( 2010 ) of USA, Bangladesh has attained about 6 % GDP growing rate. For the last twosome of decennaries, labour force has increased even more due to rapid growing of population and has reached a entire sum of 72.5 million and rate of people without occupation is 2.5 % ( Khan, 2010 ) . In Bangladesh, the concern is normally set up with cross-cultural direction and is maintained really traditionally and cautiously. Such direction persevere grade of formality and shows regard and dainty with self-respect to seniors, older people, person from high authorization or authorities functionaries. Hierarchical construction in direction system is maintained more in public sector than in private concern. Peoples with higher rank or from top-level direction have more privilege, i.e. harmonizing with Hofstede dimensions of civilization directors have high power distance. Bangladesh has a civilization of low hazard and low alteration tolerant. The intercultural capablenesss and dispositions for uncertainness or hazard are low. New programs are studied and analyzed with consciousness to do certain whatever hazards they found are good defined and understood. In instance of any alterations, the new proposals are supposed to be stabilized and accepted by the people. Intercultural apprehension is important for hazard well influenced by the effects of failure for both single and organisation. Harmonizing to Hofstede s cultural dimensions Bangladesh has low uncertainness turning away. By and large, directors or person from upper degree have paternalistic attitude towards their employees to some extent and they take determinations while the subsidiaries are meant to follow. The civilization is slightly towards bossy attack. Top-level authorities functionaries of the state take determinations and handed over to the directors to put to death the process. Normally, the determination shapers seek advice from the experts before taking any measure. They merely inquire for subsequent information instead than looking for consensus. Harmonizing to Hofstede s theoretical account Bangladeshi s directors are more individualistic instead than collectivized. Bangladeshi directors tend to see long-run determination doing instead than short-run. And besides they have respects for civilization, tradition and concern about communal duties. Other issues like faith, linguistic communication, vicinity and reciprocated of gifts are kept into consideration in such civilization. Harmonizing to Hofstsede s theoretical account, Bangladeshi direction is less long-run orientation and high short-run oriented. Most Bangladeshi directors do their concern depending on statics, experiences and empirical informations, while others believe in inherent aptitude, religion and chance. Generally, in such civilization, emotional looks are shown, ever posses good nature to others, conceal defeat or irritation. Harmonizing to Hofstede s theoretical account Bangladeshi director has features of Femininity. In Bangladesh, societal traffics tend to be more demanding, autocratic, paternalistic, bossy, inequality determination devising processs, trueness, motive and commanding in direction attitude. Relatively, in West, tend to hold advisory or equality decision-making processs, self-interest, aggressive personality, competence, individuality in direction attitude. European Management manner in Bangladeshi civilization BV Ltd. is an offshore package development and Information Technology confer withing house, since 2001 that has aspiration of bring forthing quality concern solutions for the planetary market. It is situated in Dhaka and is a joint venture between BG, a stock market listed taking company from Denmark and MD Group IT company from Bangladesh. It develops package, desktop/web based merchandises and applications and performs IT Consultancy in assorted Fieldss for many concerns in Europe and other parts of the universe and hence it has established successful bonding with European clients by supplying qualitative services. It defines itself by stressing cardinal focal point on supplying best services to valued clients. Bing an employee for twosome of old ages as Assistant General Manager, I have experiences of the direction section that ever guarantee smooth operation of the organisation and therefore successful completion of all undertakings in peculiar. The company is working with the province of art in Dhaka but is managed by lasting locally based European Chief Executive Officer. Since it has standing clients from Europe, BV believes to put a tradition where the European manner of covering concern will be a common thing. The company thinks that achievement can merely be achieved when quality calling chances along with installations are made available to the employees. They give high penchants on Human Resources, extended preparation by European experts, long-run employee partnership, Corporate Social Responsibility, both locally and internationally, during employments development procedure. The direction civilization of the company is rather similar to European manner, i.e. the top-level direction maintains friendly and professional relationship with the employee, preserve equality and presume them to be independent, proactive and self-motivated. It has a reasonably comprehensive and decentralised direction manner with less hierarchal relationship and is expected to hold common regard instead than one of to the full dedicated single trueness. The employees ever worked together and believe in teamwork. Since they belong from high educational background and/or holding old experiences, it was rather easy to accommodate such direction manner even though there were cultural differences with the top-level direction. Of class, the Chief executive officer does the general determinations and the subsidiaries are supposed to follow them. And others agenda, planning and order of flow of work are implemented by the team-lead among employees, where all the engagement, part of though ts is taken as input for developing a undertaking. During coactions with European clients, both the director and the full group of the undertaking do meetings and hence can able to concentrate more on the clients demands. Since there is a close dealing with the clients, no jobs can be seen to take topographic point while describing or updating clients outlook. This direction manner has been developed by the CEO in order to hold close connexions with the clients and tried non to hold any hierarchal degree in between so that plants would travel in fast gait, speedy determination devising, giving authorization chances, effectual while carry throughing client s demands and the Chief executive officer can hold clear focal point on subsidiaries undertakings. Employees expect and react to encouragement undertaking related leading with better public presentation and entire satisfaction as they gain assurance and accomplishment while director moves frontward within a democratic manner. The Chief executive officer of BV pays attending and gives values to the Bangladeshi civilization, tradition and behaviours and has achieved a better direction even in different culturally environment. He observed Bangladeshi civilization behaviours in a non-judgment manner and adapt liberally to a varied scope of effectual system, concern methodological analysis and societal environment. Despite of diverseness from backgrounds he has succeeded to work together efficaciously as a squad. Harmonizing to Hofstede s theoretical account, the CEO of BV follows the direction manner that is of Low Power Distance, Low Uncertainty Avoidance, Femininity, Collectivism and Long-term orientated features. Decisions Bangladeshi people are reasonably much adaptable and sociable in any environment and in any civilization. They know how to collaborate regardless of the fact that whether the company has level or tall organisational construction, whether it has centralized or decentralized direction. In Bangladesh, people follow reasonably formal concern etiquette. New coevalss learn cultural moralss and rules, spiritual values, linguistic communication in the class of socialisation with people, which in bend, aid to set up attitudes, develop passions and do cognizant about their societal individualism of being a Bangladeshi. Besides, instruction besides has major advantage in the facet of edifice 1s individuality. Nevertheless, the new coevalss are the people who contribute in political relations, entrepreneurships and economic prosperity of the state. Word count: 3523 Mentions: Arvind V. Phatak, Rabi S. Bhagat A ; Roger J. Kashlak, International Management Managing in a Diverse and Dynamic Global Environment, 2005, McGraw Hill Bangladeshi, Culture A ; Society, ( 2008 ) , IPTU Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.iptu.co.uk/content/bangladesh_business_cult.asp gt ; , [ accessed: June 18, 2010 ] Bangladesh Location A ; Size, ( 2010 ) , Encyclopaedia of Nation Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Bangladesh.html gt ; , [ accessed: June 16, 2010 ] Bangladesh: History, Geography and Culture, ( 2008 ) , Fact Monster Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0107317.html gt ; , [ accessed: June 16, 2010 ] Hofstede, Greet ( 2009 ) , Greet Hofstede Cultural Dimensions, Itim international. Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.geert-hofstede.com/ gt ; , [ accessed: June 18, 2010 ] Hodgetts, Luthan A ; Doh, International Management Culture, Strategy and Behaviour, 2006, McGraw Hill Intercultural Management Bangladesh, Kwintessential Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kwintessential.co.uk/intercultural/management/bangladesh.html gt ; [ accessed: June 18, 2010 ] Khan, Rafayet, ( Apr 15, 2010 ) , National Culture of Bangladesh, Scribd. Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scribd.com/doc/29984322/National-Culture-of-Bangladesh-French-model gt ; , [ accessed: June 16, 2010 ] Workman, Daniel, ( Jan 23, 2003 ) , Trade Culture Dimensions, Suite101 Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //internationaltrade.suite101.com/article.cfm/trade_culture_dimensions gt ; , [ accessed: June 18, 2010 ]

The comprehensive management training program of NL&C Essay

The comprehensive management training program of NL&C - Essay Example TIMETABLE - a reasonable time period is important to be included in the management training program to check and evaluate status of the set programs and make the appropriate changes if necessary in order to meet the objectives. ORIENTATION - it is important to consider having a comprehensive orientation to all concerns to ensure its effectiveness. It is necessary to consider the availability of each person as well as the venue, date and time for the said meeting. DEVIATION FROM THE SET PROGRAM - It is important to consider that not all set programs work according to our expectations. It is best to anticipate for possible changes that can have significant effect in the training program and have a prepared countermeasure for these. SUGGESTIONS/COMMENTS FROM INVOLVED PERSONNEL - The said program will not be final unless there is confirmation from all the involved personnel. Consider the reactions, suggestions and comments of each personnel and be able to come up with a mutual decision for all. MANAGING MANAGEMENT TRAINING RESULTS - Various factors can affect in achieving the set training objective.

Reflective analysis of counselling practice task Essay

Reflective analysis of counselling practice task - Essay Example Such behaviour annoyed her sister, and they were not in good terms since then. My aim in this counselling session was to assist the client never to be such emotional and depressed. In this context, I was to get the real cause of the depression and emotional that appeared on my client’s face to help me effectively counsel the client. However, I realised I was so inconsistent with the client-centred theory as the client was willing to talk and share a lot with me but the best I offered was a mere hug. For example, I kept on saying ‘Mhhh’ instead of inquiring and looking for best strategies counsel my client by showing empathy and congruence. I terribly failed to assist my client. I was so inconsistent and asked questions out of the client-centred theory such as whether she was still willing to talk to her sister who was unhelpful. I realised that the emotional degree in the client shuttered my session and could never appreciate the congruence and empathy as outlined by the client-centred theory. In my session, I failed to be driven by the three key pillars of client-centred theory as empathy, unconditional positive regard and congruence. I never appreciated the fact that every individual has internal resources necessary for the growth and, therefore, my person-centred counselling approach would have helped me provide the three mentioned pillars that help realised such stated growth. In mind, throughout the session I failed to appreciate the principle view of person-centred approach to counselling that an individual client is perceived as there own best authority on the experience as well as it perceives the client, the client in this case as being fully capable of fulfilling her own potential for growth. Rodgers says, ‘If am truly open to the way life is experienced by another person†¦. If I can take his other world into mine, then I risk seeing life in his or her way†¦ and of being

Analysis of balance sheet and income statement Essay

Analysis of balance sheet and income statement - Essay Example The company focuses their services on the following four markets: clean energy, oil and gas, environment and infrastructure and mining (Annual report: AMEC plc 2013, pp. 1-8). On a similar note, Carillion plc is headquartered in Wolverhampton, United Kingdom. The company was founded in 1999. Carillion plc offers services on management in the following fields: efficient energy, buildings and infrastructure, project management and facility management. Carillion plc operates in the following business segments: construction services, support services, Middle East construction services and support services (Annual report: Carillion plc 2013, pp. 1-6). The key item considered in the analysis of the income statement is the revenue. Concerning AMEC plc, the revenue levels in the year 2012 and 2013 were  £ 4,088 million and  £ 3,974 million respectively. The company’s revenue decreased by 2.789% between the periods (Annual report: AMEC plc 2013, pp. 94). Comparatively, the revenue levels for Carillion plc for the same period were  £ 4,402.8 million and 4,080.9 million. The company’s revenue decreased by 7.311% between the two periods. Based on the analysis, Carillion plc’s revenue level were higher than that of AMEC plc, during the two years (Annual report: Carillion plc 2013, pp. 76). The analysis of the statement of financial position covers the total assets. Concerning AMEC plc, the total assets in 2012 and 2013 were worth  £ 2,518 million and  £ 2,384 million respectively. The company’s total assets decreased by 5.322% between the two years (Annual report: AMEC plc 2013, pp. 96). Comparativel y, the total assets for Carillion plc during the same period were worth  £ 3,862.4 million and  £ 3,639.9 million respectively. The company’s total assets decreased by 5.761% between the two years (Annual report: Carillion plc 2013, pp. 79). Based on the analysis,

Texting and Driving Speech Essay Example for Free

Texting and Driving Speech Essay To convince my audience that the use of cell phone while driving is dangerous. Central Idea: The use of cell phone should be banned while driving because of the minds not focus on the driving,the driving and the distraction by the phone. Organization: Problem, solution, solution Main Point: Point Elaborate †¢Mind cannot focus on driving †¢Distraction from the cell phone †¢Effects: accident/injury †¢Effects: jeopardize people around †¢Example: The driver will not focus with the driving and will endanger people around if there are mistakes while driving. (statistic) †¢Hand phone should be banned †¢Banning the usage of cell phone while driving †¢Harm people around †¢Solution: Goverment need to be aggresive on settling this issue. †¢Solution: Government need to fine the driver with high prices. Example –state of Massachusetts have given the penalty to the driver that is found guilty will be fine for $100 for first offense and the second offence will be $250 and the third offence will be $500. †¢Driving amp; distraction †¢To have slower braking time †¢Solution: Installing Rumble Strips along road to get attention of the driver. Topic Gadget Title The use of cell phone should be banned while driving General Purpose To persuade Specific Purpose To convince my audience that the use of cell phone while driving is dangerous Central Idea The use of cell phone should be banned while driving because minds cannot focus on the driving, the ways to overcome this problem which are the government need to fine driver that found guilty with high prices and the government need to improve the roads condition such as installing the â€Å"Rumble strips†. Organization Problem, Solution, Solution INTRODUCTION †¢Open with impact/ Attention getter Cell phone is a gadget where people tend to use to make call, give short message service (SMS). (suddenly the phone is ringing and I picked it up while doing presentation). Tie to the audience/ reason to listen Back to my slide, fact says that we cannot do two things at the same time. Based on what I acted just now showing that while I gave my speech, and someone just call me at the same time, I cannot do that both. It is related with while we are driving, and someone just calls us, and then we tend to do or focus on just one thing. Why I am saying that? That is because we use only half of our brain to process for what we do. †¢Credibility statement/ material When I drove back to my hometown and yes, sometimes I am talking on the phone while driving. So, after few times seeing some accident and the impact when using hand phone while driving, I get my knees shake. †¢Preview of main points/ central idea For today, I will convincing you that cell phone need to be banned while driving because the minds will not focus on the driving and how to overcome this problem which is the government need to fine driver that found guilty with high prices and the government should improve the roads condition such as put the â€Å"rumble strips†. Transition to body of speech: First of all, we need to know what the problem in this statement is. Main point 1 When we are driving in a car while talking on the phone, our mind cannot focus on the road because one hand with the phone and one hand manoeuvre the car. †¢Supporting details 1 Certain studies show that driving while talking on the phone can lead to injury or increasing the crash risk. †¢Supporting details 2 Example like a study by Suzanne McEvoy and colleagues of driver on 2005 in Western Australia have found that drivers that are using cell phones were four times tend to be in injury-resulting crashes when talking on the cell phones. Supporting details 3 Niki Taylor which is a supermodel had got in an accident. The accident was began when a friend of her or stockbroker, James ‘Chad’ Renegar had hit a utility pole while trying to retrieve a ringing phone. From the report, there were also a passenger aside Niki. The weather were stormy and the road were wet and winding. Niki sat in front of passenger seat during the low impact crash. (picture of Niki Taylor) Transition to main point 2 As we all know, the government have banned the use of cell phone while driving. †¢Main point 2 Phone can bring harm to people around if the driver is using it. Government need to be aggressive in settling this issue. So, the government need to fine the driver with high prices summons. †¢Supporting details 1 Example like one of state in United States of America which is Massachusetts had given the penalty to the driver that has been found guilty. They will be fine for $100 for first offense and the second offence will be $250 and the third offence will be $500. †¢Supporting details 2 By doing this, I am sure people will not played their cell phones while driving because the price is to high! Transition to main point 3 Besides that, cell phone is a distracting thing while driving a car. †¢Main point 3 When we are driving, we are tending to be more careful or cautious about people around. But, when something distracting us we might lose focus on driving example when suddenly something happened, we have or tend to have slower braking time. †¢Supporting details 1 To curb this from always happened, the government can also make some changes to the road rather than we use the law to reduce the number of driver that doing this ‘crime’. The government need to install â€Å"Rumble Strips† along road to get attention of the driver. †¢Supporting details 2 Rumble strips can also be called as sleeper lines which are to alert the driver if they have drift from their lane on the road. Besides it is an economical and effective to the driver. Picture shown that the rumble strips in Hennikar, New Hampshire, US. (picture is shown) Transition to conclusion Be sure to keep this in mind that with using cell phone while driving will cause you to be in more high risk state. Conclusion †¢Summary of main point In conclusion, I am emphasise that using cell phone while driving will cause you more impact because your mind cannot focus on driving, and it will distracting you as a driver and we need to follow the law from government or else we might get into trouble.

XML Application for Business Processes :: essays research papers

XML | Applications for Business Process Analysis & Design Introduced in 1996, Extensible Markup Language (XML) was initially intended to function in the place of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) as the standard format used to define online document structure (Obasanjo, 2003). These intentions are proving inevitable as business organizations begin to realize the real potential found in the family of XML technologies. Potential in terms of improvement in information management practices measured by a company’s reduction in time and overhead. One such organization that has actually realized these benefits in several facets of their operations is Freightliner, a division of Daimler Chrysler who designs, manufactures, and sells specialized commercial vehicles and will be detailed later (Kotok, 2003). XML has proven to be more than simply an advanced version of HTML. It is helping to create a common language for intra and inter-organizational business processes (Obasanjo, 2003). Several aspects unique to XML set it apart from its parent Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) and sibling HTML. These are the same aspects spurring a community of software developers, enterprise leaders, and standards commissions to focus on this budding technology as the lingua franca of document exchange (Geyer, 2003). The meta-language not only defines webpage format but also is actually able to provide descriptions of tabular, structured, and semi-structured data. Network protocols, relational databases, program configuration files, web pages, technical drawings and business documents are all examples of these common data forms found in everyday business operations (Obasanjo, 2003). Like HTML, XML incorporates tags that bracket words and attributes. XML, however, uses these tags to define the data leaving the task of interpretation up to the application employing the data. This undefined vocabulary feature allows extensibility in that industry specific terminology is no longer a programming hurdle as in the past (Bos, 1999). XML applications can easily be tailored to plug in and bridge the communication between once stand-alone software. Resource intensive new software investments can be avoided by making use of existing databases and familiar programs. XML can be used with a large assortment of other languages and is not specific to any one operating system or vendor. It is text based and Unicode compliant and can be translated into the many commonly used written languages (Walsh, 2003). This allows for more businesses that run a variety of platforms and operate internationally to take advantage of this technology. Along with XML comes a family of helpful resources designed to automate frequently used tasks and offers services to make writing the language efficient and user friendly.

Multiple Births: Twins, Triplets, and Beyond Essay

Abstract The high number of multiple pregnancies is a concern because women who are expecting more than one baby are at increased risk of certain pregnancy complications, including premature birth. Multiple Births: Twins, Triplets, and Beyond References Martin, J.A., et al. Births: Final Data for 2006. National Vital Statistics Reports, volume 57, number 7, January 7, 2009. Reddy, U.M., et al. Relationship of Maternal Body Mass Index and Height to Twinning. Obstetrics and Gynecology, volume 105, number 3, March 2005, pages 593-597. Wright, V.C., et al. Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance–2005. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, volume 57 (SS05), June 20, 2008. Practice Committee of the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Fertility and Sterility, volume 86, Supplement 5, November 2006, pages S51-52. American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Multiple Pregnancy and Birth: Twins, Triplets, and Higher Order Multiples: A Guide for Patients. Birmingham AL, 2004, accessed 12/16/08. Rossi, C., and D’Addario, V. Laser Therapy and Serial Amnioreduction as Treatment for Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome: A Metaanalysis and Review of Literature. American Jour nal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, volume 198, number 2, February 2008, pages 147-152. Lopriore, E. et al. Risk Factors for Neurodevelopment Impairment in Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome Treated With Fetoscopic Laser Surgery. Obstetrics and Gynecology, volume 113, number 2, February 2009, pages 361-366. Senat, M.V., et al. Endoscopic Laser Surgery versus Serial Amnioreduction for Severe Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, volume 351, number 2, July 8, 2004, pages 136-144. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Multiple Gestation: Complicated Twin, Triplet, and Higher-Order Multifetal Pregnancy. ACOG Practice Bulletin, number 56, October 2004. Institute of Medicine. Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines. May 2009. New York: National Academy of Sciences, accessed 12/8/09. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Having Twins: Patient Education Pamphlet. ACOG, Washington, DC, 2004, accessed 12/9/08. When a woman is carrying one baby, it is called a singleton pregnancy. When She is carrying two or more babies it is called multiple births. In the past 2 decades, the rate of multiple births in the United States jumped dramatically. The rate of twin births increased by 70 percent between 1980 and 2004, and the rate of higher-order multiples (triplets or more) increased four-fold between 1980 and 1998 . However, the rapid rise in multiple birth rates may be ending. In 2005 and 2006, the rate of twin births remained stable . The rate of higher-order multiple births has declined 21 percent since its peak in 1998 . Today, more than 3 percent of babies in this country are born in sets of two, three or more; about 95 percent of these multiple births are twins. The high number of multiple pregnancies is a concern because women who are expecting more than one baby are at increased risk of certain pregnancy complications, including premature birth . Premature babies are at risk of serious health problems during the newborn period, as well as lasting disabilities and death. Some of the complications associated with multiple pregnancy can be minimized or prevented when they are diagnosed early. There are a number of steps a pregnant woman and her health care provider can take to help improve the chances that her babies will be born healthy. About one-third of the increase in multiple pregnancies is due to the fact that more women over age 30 are having babies. Women in this age group are more likely than younger women to conceive multiples. The remainder of the increase is due to the use of fertility treatments, including fertility-stimulating drugs and assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as in vitro fertilization (IVF). In IVF, eggs are removed from the mother, fertilized in a laboratory dish and then transferred to the uterus.  About 44 percent of ART pregnancies result in twins, and about 5 percent in triplets or more. Doctors now monitor fertility treatments carefully so that women have fewer, but healthier, babies. This involves limiting the number of embryos transferred during IVF. In 2006, the American Society for Reproductive Medicine and the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology issued updated guidelines on the best number of embryos to transfer, depending on a woman’s age and other factors . For example, the guidelines recommend that doctors transfer no more than two embryos for women under age 35, and consider transferring only one embryo for women in this age group who are considered most likely to become pregnant. Doctors monitor women taking certain fertility drugs with ultrasound. If ultrasound shows that a large number of eggs could be released during a treatment cycle, the doctor can stop the treatment and counsel the woman accordingly. The following factors can increase the chances that a woman will conceive multiples: †¢Fertility treatment †¢Age over 30 years †¢A personal or family history of fraternal (non-identical) twins †¢Obesity or taller-than-average height †¢African-American race (African-American women are more likely to have fraternal twins than caucasian women, and Asian women are the least likely to have fraternal twins) Although previous generations often were surprised by a multiple birth, today most parents-to-be learn the news fairly early. A routine first-trimester ultrasound can detect most multiples. (Sometimes a twin pregnancy that is identified very early is later found to have only one fetus. This is called â€Å"vanishing twin syndrome,† and its cause is not well understood. The surviving twin generally is not harmed.) Other factors can alert a health care provider that a woman may be expecting twins or more. These include: †¢Rapid weight gain during the first trimester †¢The uterus being larger than expected †¢Severe pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting (morning sickness) †¢More than one heartbeat heard by a provider using a hand-held ultrasound device (Doppler) †¢More fetal movement than the woman experienced in a previous  singleton pregnancy †¢Abnormal results on maternal blood screening done around 16 weeks of pregnancy to screen for certain birth defects A health care provider who suspects a multiple pregnancy most likely recommends that the woman have an ultrasound to find out for sure. Women who are expecting more than one baby are at increased risk of a number of pregnancy complications. The more babies a woman is carrying at once, the greater her risk. Common complications include: Premature birth: About 60 percent of twins, more than 90 percent of triplets, and virtually all quadruplets and higher-order multiples are born premature . The length of pregnancy decreases with each additional baby. On average, most singleton pregnancies last 39 weeks; for twins, 35 weeks; for triplets, 32 weeks; and for quadruplets, 29 weeks. Low birth weight (LBW): More than half of twins and almost all higher-order multiples are born with low birth weight (less than 5 ½ pounds or 2,500 grams). LBW can result from premature birth and/or poor fetal growth. Both are common in multiple pregnancies. Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS): About 10 percent of identical twins who share a placenta develop this complication. TTTS occurs when a connection between the two babies’ blood vessels in the placenta causes one baby to get too much blood flow and the other too little. Until recently, severe cases often resulted in the loss of both babies. Preeclampsia: Women expecting twins are more than twice as likely as women with a singleton pregnancy to develop this complication, characterized by high blood pressure, protein in the urine and generalized edema. Severe cases can be dangerous for mother and baby. In some cases, the baby must be delivered early to prevent serious complications. Gestational diabetes: Women carrying multiples are at increased risk of this pregnancy-related form of diabetes. This condition can cause the baby to grow especially large, increasing the risk of injuries to mother and baby during vaginal birth. Babies born to women with gestational diabetes also may have breathing and other problems during the newborn period. Early diagnosis and management of these complications can help protect mother and babies. Women who are expecting multiples generally need to visit their health care providers more frequently than women expecting one baby. These extra visits  can help prevent, detect and treat the complications that develop more often in a multiple pregnancy. Health care providers may recommend twice-monthly visits during the second trimester and weekly (or more frequent) visits during the third trimester. During the third trimester, the provider may recommend tests of fetal well-being. These include. Eating right and gaining the recommended amount of weight reduces the risk of having a premature or LBW baby in singleton, as well as multiple, gestations. A healthy weight gain is especially important if a woman is pregnant with multiples because they have a higher risk of premature birth and LBW than singletons. The chance of a cesarean birth is higher in twin than in singleton births. However, a pregnant woman has a good chance of having a normal vaginal delivery if both babies are in a head-down position and there are no other complications. When a woman is carrying three or more babies, a cesarean birth usually is recommended because it is safer for the babies.